example: The mind remembering the answer to a review question when it comes up on a test.
Concept: a group of similar subject matter (objects, events, ideas, people) the mind creates
example: Children see all mothers as good.
prototype: First thing that comes to mind when a concept is mentioned.
example: thinking of a kit Kat when candy is mentioned.
Algorithm: A process that ensures the correct answer
example: math functions
heuristic: A simple way of thinking. Causes us to judge and solve problems
example: When we can open something we think to use our teeth.
insight: finding an answer to a solution suddenly
example: when you’ve been working on a math problem for a long time and you finally realize how to do it
confirmation bias: looking for information or data that will prove your beliefs to be true or correct
example: arguing with someone about the biggest shopping mall and then looking our answer up online to prove you’re right
fixation: when you are only able to see a problem from your perspective
example: when you argue with someone about something and their side of the argument is actually logical but you disagree because you are unable to see the problem from their point of view
mental set: using the same solution to solve problems because it was successful for you with one problem so you assume it will be successful for all problems
example: using a certain strategy to solve a math problem and being successful and attempting to use the strategy in all classes
functional fixedness: the inability to think of things outside their normal function
example: if you are only accustomed to writing paragraphs in English but then have trouble when you have to answer an open ended question in math
representativeness heuristic: when you judge things by how successful they seem or how well they go along with everything else
example: judging someone by how well they are dressed or how well they fit in with people
availability heuristic: giving the probability of an event the way you remember it or by how much of it remains in your memory
example: judging if your grandmother will be at Christmas dinner by remembering how many times she has shown up in the past
overconfidence: being too confident which causes you to believe you’re always right even when you’re not
example: thinking you’re the best player on your basketball team and you’re going to win against the hardest team that’s beat you every year
framing: the way a problem is presented
example: getting an assignment in class where a problem is presented in the form of a project where your grade is based on how well and your technique used to solve the problem
belief bias: someone’s beliefs getting in the way of their logical thinking
example: if someone is talking about holidays and you don’t believe in holidays or don’t celebrate them you may not agree with someone’s logical statement about a holiday or holiday celebration
belief perseverance: when you still stick with your thought or theory even after it has been disproved
example: telling someone that they’re five feet tall when they measured themselves and proved that they are four feet tall
artificial intelligence: computers doing intelligent things and going through the process of human thought
example: calculator
computer neural networks: computers that perform the functions of the brain’s neural cells
example: machines used by eye doctors that follow your eye patterns
language: the different ways we communicate such as speaking
example: sign language
phoneme: the smallest sound unit possible in a language that is spoken
example: cat (phonemes c, a, t)
morpheme: the smallest part in a language that has meanings
example: showed (morpheme ed)
grammar: rules of a language that assist us when we communicate and help us to understand our language
example: commas
semantics: the rules we follow to get the meaning from morphemes
example: past tense rules
syntax: rules we follow so that we can combine words in sentences and they still make sense
example: conjunctions
babbling stage: the stage when a child communicates by using different sounds
example: when babies say goo goo ga ga
one word stage: the stage when a child communicates using one word sentences
example: when a child is thirsty they may say milk
two word stage: the stage when a child communicates in mostly two words
example: when a child wants something they may say give me
telegraphic speech: the stage when a child communicates by using verbs and nouns and doesn’t use auxiliary sounds and sounds like a telegram
example: move bus
linguistic determinism: the belief of Whorf that the way we think is influenced by our language
example: if you are a good grammatical speaker you may be smarter than someone who is not
Analysis, Application and Evaluation:
1. Why does everything covered in chapters 8,9 and 10 fall under the field of
cognitive psychology? Provide three different examples of how it does (one
from each chapter would be best)
1. Learning involves how we store information
2. Memory
3. Thinking and language
2. Create a category hierarchy to organize a concept of your choosing (DO NOT
use the one in the book). Make sure you label a prototype as well. (the best
thing to do is to create one for neuroscience ;) )
Click image ^^^^^
3. Explain the relationship between functional fixedness and problem solving.
Provide an example that illustrates the relationship (this should be no more
than 2 sentences).
functional fixedness: the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving
problem solving: using different methods to solve a problem
problem solving requires different methods to be used so functional fixedness can’t be used
4. How can you use what you know about thinking and language to improve
your learning strategy? Provide two examples.
language influences thinking. thinking is a process that involves knowing, understanding, remembering and communicating.
1. talk clear and loud, no slang, no stuttering
2. make sure everyone is thinking/understanding
5. How can you use your knowledge of language acquisition and the way that
we read, speak and think to help create your learning strategy?
People learn words by associating sounds with objects, actions, and events. Exposure to multiple examples
6. Summarize how you will use thinking and language in your learning strategy,
below. Make sure to include at least 6 different ways you are going to utilize this
knowledge.
1. We will use language and make it easy to understand and make the language clear and loud.
2.Ebbing hais retention span, we will use the whole time to ensure the maximum amount of learning.
3. Spacing Effect - we will play every day to ensure the maximum amount of learning.
4. Mental Set - everyone will revisit a past learning strategy at some point.
5. reinforcement - candy for a correct answer, two spaces back for wrong answer.
6. Survey - analyze and incorporate it into our project.
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